Building a home with concrete — the Romans did it, why shouldn’t we? Though the Romans might have been less concerned with energy efficiency than we are today, they certainly understood the flexibility and durability that building with concrete allows. When it came to building his own home, Doug Lowe, owner and president of Artisan Construction, Inc. in Charlottesville, Va., decided to try insulated concrete forms (ICFs) to get some firsthand experience.

Testers in the area found the home to have the tightest envelope they had seen. Photo by Marilyn W. Moedinger-Clay.

As a central Virginia green builder, Lowe has built with SIPs, Thermasteel panels, advanced framing techniques and modular construction. ICFs seemed like the next technology to experiment with. Achieving ENERGY STAR (www.energystar.gov), Earthcraft (www.earthcrafthouse.com), and LEED for Homes (LEED-H/www.usgbc.org) certifications, his home bolstered the energy efficiency claims made by ICF manufacturers. The home had the tightest envelope (.08 ACH) seen by testers in the area, and earned a HERS rating of 94. In fact, Lowe’s energy bills since moving into the house eight months ago have been 50-70 percent less than homes of similar size. He is even showing a 20-30 percent reduction compared to his previous home — and that home had geothermal heating and cooling.

ICFs are a big part of the home’s energy efficiency because they provide such a tight envelope and good insulation, but efficient HVAC systems are the other crucial element. In his home, Lowe decided to condition both the basement and the attic. This dramatic increase in square footage reduced the project’s LEED score by 18 points, but actually increased the efficiency of the HVAC system, decreased its size from 6-8 tons to three tons, and allowed all ductwork to be run in conditioned space. “It was like starting the game 18 points in the hole, but it was the right thing to do from an energy-efficiency standpoint,” says Lowe.

With such a tight envelope, Lowe had to pay special attention to indoor air quality. The HVAC system includes a fresh-air intake on an automatic damper, with an integrated dehumidifier and MERV13 filters. By controlling the quality and moisture level of the incoming fresh air, the mechanical systems can run at maximum efficiency and adjust to the challenges posed by the mixed-humid central Virginia climate.

Easy-to-install ICFs helped to reduce the number of wood scraps generated on the jobsite. Photo by M. Doug Lowe

Low-/no-VOC finishes and materials are the second part of maintaining indoor air quality in a tight home. All carpets, carpet pads, paints, adhesives and coatings in the home are low-VOC, and a shoe storage area just inside the front door allows guests to remove and store shoes, eliminating a major vehicle for indoor air contamination. Other indoor air quality measures in the home include a detached garage, radon protection measures, and a direct-vent gas woodstove.

Reducing a home’s energy footprint first, then considering high-efficiency means of heating and cooling, is the Artisan philosophy. This allows for dramatic reductions in energy consumption in a home, though Lowe and Artisan are currently analyzing the various tradeoffs. Concrete requires a great deal of energy to produce, but is it offset by the energy savings in the home over time? Bamboo is a rapidly renewable material used for flooring and casework, but it requires shipping from China on a CO₂-belching cargo ship. (Lowe opted for reclaimed pine flooring from a barn in Pennsylvania for his home.)

The potable water collection/filtration system reduces the demand on local groundwater sources. Photo by M. Doug Lowe.

“Five, 10 years ago, no one was asking these questions. It was always about the cabinets or the trim; now energy efficiency and indoor air quality are our first concerns with clients,” explains Lowe.

Reducing the energy footprint of a project also extends to demands on public utilities, from the power grid to stormwater management. Lowe’s house features a rainwater collection and filtration system, which supplies the house with 100 percent of its potable water needs, and is capable of processing 60,000 gallons of water a year. No stormwater leaves the site, all plants are native and drought resistant, and demands on local groundwater sources are reduced by using the collection system. Lowe also plans to install PVs on the roof, and a wind turbine in the yard to further reduce the home’s reliance on fossil-fuel energy.

Such a tight envelope was created by the ICFs that special attention needed to be paid to the home’s indoor air quality. Photo by M. Doug Lowe.

But all of these energy savings begin with a tight envelope. And for this, Lowe found the ICFs indispensable. They were easy for the carpenters to install, they reduced wood scraps generated on the job, and even provided hidden aesthetic benefits too — in the form of 8-inch-deep windowsills.

Artisan will now be adding ICFs to their list of field-tested and proven technologies. With continued monitoring and field research on several upcoming SIP, advanced framing, and ICF projects, Artisan will continue the collaboration, discussion and testing of green and sustainable technologies and methods in the field.

LOWE RESIDENCE STATS

The use of ICFs in the construction helped provide the home with some unforeseen aesthetic benefits. Photo by Nancy Easter White.

LOCATION: CROZET, VA.
COMPLETED: SPRING 2006
SIZE: 5,500 SQUARE FEET
            FINISHED BASEMENT – 1,500 SQUARE FEET
            FIRST FLOOR – 1,600 SQUARE FEET
            SECOND FLOOR – 1,600 SQUARE FEET
            FINISHED ATTIC – 800 SQUARE FEET                                

CERTIFICATIONS:
ENERGY STAR
EARTHCRAFT HOUSE VIRGINIA
LEED FOR HOMES

PROJECT TEAM:
ARCHITECT: THE GAINES GROUP, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.
BUILDER: ARTISAN CONSTRUCTION, INC, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.
HVAC CONTRACTOR: ALBEMARLE HEATING AND AIR, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.

MATERIALS:
ICFS: AMVIC BUILDING SYSTEMS, TORONTO
CONCRETE: ALLIED CONCRETE, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.
RAINWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM: RAINWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, SALEM, VA.
FLOORING: THE WOOD COMPANY, RECLAIMED HEART PINE FLOORING
CARPET: MOHAWK RECYCLED PET CARPETS; CRI GREEN LABEL CARPET PADS
WINDOWS: WEATHERSHIELD, DOUBLE PANED ARGON FILLED, U FACTOR = .31; SHGC = .29
DECKING: ENVIROSAFE PLUS BORATE TREATED LUMBER FOREST WORLD GROUP, FSC                         CERTIFIED CUMURU
TOILETS: STERLING DUAL-FLUSH TOILETS
ROOF INSULATION: BIOBASED INSULATION, SOY-BASED INSULATION
SIDING: HARDI PLANK
WATER HEATER: RINNAI TANKLESS